The Inequality Trap Fighting Capitalism Instead Of Poverty

As a society, we are inherently fascinated by trying to â€Å"fix† our world. Whether it be the environment, politics, human rights, gender equality, poverty, or medicine, there are individuals around the globe looking for ways to improve our society and those who are merely making suggestions on how to improve it. Published in 2015, William Watson’s book The Inequality Trap: Fighting Capitalism Instead of Poverty is full of analysis and suggestion on what humanity can do to create a more equal society. The book glides through a series of arguments that attempt to conclude that the issues of inequality in our society are brought about by capitalist venture and excessive wealth. Throughout the eight chapters, Watson keeps a reader interested†¦show more content†¦16), Sidney Crosby (p. 23), Bernard Madoff (p. 30), Jamie Dimon (p. 32) and Quang Dao (p. 38), Watson reasons through the morality of each individual case and then in the public. Watson argues that in th e cases such as Dao who won the lottery or even Steve Jobs, that â€Å"some people who make lots of money will be perfectly deserving of it. Others may not be. Because some inequality may be the result of unfairness doesn’t mean all inequality is.† (Watson, 2015, p.46). After using the economic principle of a Gini Coefficient and Lorenz Curve to show that in certain cases a decrease in inequality can be a detriment to society, Watson spends the entire next chapter expanding yet again that inequality can at times be beneficial to society. As Watson moves on to discuss more specific avenues of inequality such as poverty, education, and intergenerational income mobility (chapters six and seven), the analysis begins to turn against itself and circle back to similar arguments from a differing perspective. While this approach may be extensively detailed, by the end of chapter 6 the arguments begin to feel redundant and cyclical. Overall, Watson’s The Inequality Trap r emains as ambiguous as the title – never really settling on if it is a â€Å"trap† to avoid or a â€Å"trap† that we set for ourselves. Perhaps the strongest element of Watson’s book is its thoroughness. During each chapter, Watson goes into extensive detailed analysis. Even when theShow MoreRelatedPoverty Inequality Of The United States1984 Words   |  8 Pagesexchange for the larger share of money that they are getting for themselves. This has led to severe income, racial, and poverty inequality in the United States and creates an inequality trap because as the rich get wealthier, they favor policies that earn them more money and power at the expense of the low-income workers education and well-being. One cause of income inequality is the real value of the minimum wage has decreased 32% since 1968, it was $10.71 in 1968 and now it is $7.25. This weakensRead MoreFactual Basis : Global Inequality2963 Words   |  12 PagesKiara Marmolejos Factual Basis Global inequality is one of today’s most prevalent issues with 40% of the world’s population living in poverty. Poverty is qualitatively defined as being extremely poor. It is quantitatively defined as living under $2.00 each day by the United Nations. One-sixth of the world population or 877 million people live in extreme poverty defined as living under $1.00 a day. This definition leaves out a large bracket of theRead MoreGeorge Orwell23689 Words   |  95 Pagesin, almost as in the nineteenth century. But this has nothing to do with economic liberty, the right to exploit others for profit. It is the liberty to have a home of your own, to do what you like in your spare time, to choose your own amusements instead of having them chosen for you from above. The most hateful of all names in an English ear is Nosey Parker. 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Chapter study guide quiz Free Essays

Articles of confederation These were documents that basically made the 13 colonies separated from KGB and established the US as a confederation Northwest ordinances This was an act of the confederation of the US that stated that the US would continue expansion towards the west Nationalist They preferred strong central government Goals of nationalists: To have their country united under THEIR nation’s rule – not to be ruled by some foreign king, Like In many cases. To be able to maintain their own culture, with their win unique national values and customs and not have other cultures forced upon them. To speak their national language. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter study guide quiz or any similar topic only for you Order Now To celebrate and honor their national artists and heroes, their special traditions and holidays, to show the pride of being (whatever nation they are). Instead of saying, â€Å"Oh, I’m from this and that kingdom of this and that king† people would say â€Å"l am French/Hungarian/lateral/whatever†, and be proud of who they are and Identify with their nationality, not allowing other nations to press on them and control them at least not without a fight and an attempt of resistance. ; A of yahoo answers Shays rebellion Farmers got mad at government for not passing stay laws Virginia plan Proposed by Randolph and made more open by James Madison Made the three branches of government to keep checks within the republican government to make sure no one had to fear that tyranny or abuse of power was possible 3/5 compromise The three fifths compromise made 3/5 slaves in to every states head count It was later added with this that slave trade would continue for 20 years Th is was very important to people in the south George mason, a slave owner, spoke passionately about not keeping slaves Electoral college Electoral college were people ho voted on behalf of the state for the new president Came with rules for ties and other situation Constitution Was changed because it supported the rich and more high society people Revolutionary leaders apposed It too so It was changed Nationalists changed to the name federalists Which made the state governments strong The Judiciary act Tariff Bill of rights Hamilton’ economic plan Whiskey rebellion The battle of fallen timbers George Washington’s farewell address John Jays treaty James Madison How to cite Chapter study guide quiz, Papers

Honeybees No Sign Of Damage

Question: Provide a brief introduction or some background to the subject matter in the news article and explaining why it is important. Answer: No Sign of Damage to Honeybees from Neonicotinoids The subject matter of the news article chosen is non-occurrence of damages caused to honeybees due toneonicotinoids. The honeybee is an important pollinator of agricultural crops. The importance of pollination is that it helps is production of enough seeds for propagation and dispersal, it helps in maintaining genetic diversity of the crops and it develops adequate fruits to entice seed dispersers. Honeybees, mainlyApis mellifera, are the most valuable pollinators of crop monocultures worldwide, including the United Kingdom. The yields of some fruit, seed and nut crops decrease by more than 90% without these pollinators. When wild bees do not visit agricultural fields, managed honeybee hives are often the only solution for farmers to ensure crop pollination. Fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination. Studies undertaken on pollinator needs for 264 crop species concludes that the production of 84% of these depends at least to some extent upon animal pollination (Klein et al., 2007). The general decline of the number of honey bees have been an alarming issue in the recent time. Scientists have made a conclusion that several factors in combination leads to elevated loss of colonies of honeybees (Farooqui, 2013). Regulators and investigators puts focus on the vital role of insecticides on the health of the honeybees. In particular, the neonicotinoids are the point of focus. It is a concern for the honeybees health (Garbuzovet al. 2015). There is a strong scientific consensus that honeybees are in exposure to neonicotinoid pesticides in field and the result is sever harm suffered by the insects from the doses delivered. However, no much data is present on the harm caused to the honeybees and the fall in population of bees (Cataeet al. 2013). Bees and several other pollinators are crucial for many food crops. The topic of harm and damage caused to the honeybees from neonicotinoids is therefore important for discussion. Scientific Background Against the background of the subject matter of the news article, it is very much necessary to have a discussion on the scientific background underlying the news. The honeybee is the semi-domesticated colonial species of bees. It is a native of European countries. Honeybees are social insects, living in large colonies. These groups of insects are not only important for the environment due to the honey and other hive products but also due to their pollination services. There is a growing consensus among the scientists regarding the role of pesticides on honeybees. The most important group of pesticides are the neonicotinoids (Wanget al. 2014). Direct mortality of bees from this pesticide is limited to rare incidences. Some opinions remain on impact of this pesticide in weakening the honeybees and making them susceptible to cold, nutritional stress and diseases. This group of pesticides is considered as major milestone for pest management programs. However, honeybees have a variety of detoxifying abilities for insecticides that result in high sensitivity and resilience to the pesticides (Laurinoet al. 2012). In this regard, the report developed by the organisation Friends of the Earth (FOE) is of much importance. The report states that on 2013, British and European scientists urged that certain neonicotinoid chemicals (neonics) should be suspended from some uses. The Task Force on Systematic Pesticides concludes that neonicotinoids are causing significant damage to a wide range of beneficial invertebrate species and are a key factor in the decline of bees. The UK Insect Pollinators Initiative (IPI) study into neonicotinoids found that significant impairment of foraging behaviour in bees exposed to field realistic levels of neonicotinoids. Exposed bees collected less pollen, took longer to take foraging trips and show no evidence of improving their ability to gather food from flowers. These effects on the behaviour of individual bees have knock on effects for their colony. On 2015, the Newcastle University undertook a study that was published in Nature, the science journal. The study conc ludes that bees preferred to eat solutions containing neonicotinoids, even though the consumption of these pesticides caused them to eat less food overall (foe.co.uk, 2016). Policy or Legislation There were several policies and legislations undertaken by the European Commission against the Neonicotinoids. During the board meeting conducted on January 2014, the CTBG decided to restrict the authorization of Imidacloprid containing plant protection products Admire 911483 N), Kohinoor 700 WG (13831 N) and Gaucho Tuinbouw (12341 N). EFSA published the Scientific Opinion on the developmental Neurotoxicity potential of Acetamiprid and Imidacloprid. As observed in the article, there was a complete ban of two years for Neonicotinods. However, evidences from Professor Charles Godfeyhighlighted towards the ineffectiveness of the proposal. Based on the review data of European Commission (EC), there was a ban on Neonicotinods which were used as seed dressing on the bee attractive crops such as oil seed rape due to their harmful effects. However, the article did not emphasise on any field report which can directly interrelate between the effect of Neonicotinods and bees. CTBG invited the NGOs to submit additional points regarding the perspective, and thereby was concerned regarding the reassessment of biocidal neonicotinoids for private usage. CTBG completely withdraws the authorization of products based on clothianidin, thiamethoxam and onimidacloprid. Thus, the decision of the European Commission was implemented accordingly within the premises. By 2011, the Minister of Agriculture (of the former Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation) indicates the Parliament about the conclusions from the CTBG report of Reassessment of Neonicotinoid Containing Pesticides (Boilyet al. 2013). Thus, the usage of Neonicotinoid Containing pesticidesare completely abolished from the European states through the establishment of legislations and policies by the board of CTBG (Tokumotoet al. 2013). Practical Implication for Farmers Currently, farmers are using normal pesticides, which are found in the market. These insecticides contain harmful substances and chemical such as Pyriproxyfen, Novaluron, Tomadol 23-5, M-Pyrol, Agnique ME 181-U, etc. These chemical compounds affect not only on the human body. However, they also affect insects and animals which are important for us. Bees are most affected species by the uncontrolled use of pesticides and insecticide. It is found in recent studies that insecticides, which contain Neonicotinoid, do not harm honey bees. We all know that Oilseed rape is the major crop of the United Kingdom. According to a research, 60% of crop pollination are carried out by the bees. It is also estimated that collapse of this pollination will cost the U.K. economy about 1.8 billion per year (Anon, 2016). However, due to lack of awareness, most of the farmers and do not know about this finding (Alburakiet al. 2015). As a result, most of the farmers and pest control agencies are still using the substances, which affect the honey bees. For the betterment of the current situations, people should be made aware with proper public awareness programs. It is known that. Bees play a vital role in the germination processes in plants through flowers. It helps to produce fruits and vegetables, which are produced from the germination. General pesticide harm the honeybees, as a result the no. of honey bees are decreasing (Kimuraet al. 2014). This emphasizes the aspect that, due to this phenomenal production of fruits and vegetables are also decreasing. Ultimately, the whole cycle affects the farmers economically. If the farmers are made aware about the consequences and events of the situation.Then they will also choose Neonicotinoid containing insecticides instead of normal insecticides. As we, all know that, currently used insecticides are also harming the entire ecosystem, so the farmers are needed to address straight away (Araneda, Cumianand Morales, 2015). The issue is a serio us one and it affects the farmers economically. Programs such as public farmer awareness events should be carried out. Government should also try to apply intervention such as special offers or incentives for farmers who uses pesticides containing Neonicotinoid. This will help the farmers to motivate. Scientific education regarding the whole situation should also be given to farmers. The best way to motivate farmers to use insecticides containing Neonicotinoid is educate them with the knowledge of the advantages of insecticides containing Neonicotinoid (Oliveiraet al. 2014). Through the years, the Government of U.K. has registered five neonicotinoids for use. These derivatives are imidacloprid, aceta miprid, thiacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam. In the year of 2010, use of neonicotinoid was about 79,940 across 1,270,707 ha. Compared to the year 42,285 kg across 1,270,707 ha (Anon, 2016). Conclusion Honey bees are vital to global biodiversity and food security through their pollination of plants, including several key crops.Overwhelming evidence now suggests that bee populations are in decline, likely because of pesticides. The present article shows that not much harm is done to the bees due to the use of neonicotinoids. Therefore, a controversy prevailsregardingthis matter. This indicates the need of more number of future studies to be taken up for having a definite conclusion on whether this particular pesticide has a significant impact on the population of honey bee. Thus, from the data related to the articles mentioned above, it can be concluded that the farmers are becoming more aware about the significances of using Neonicotinoid. It is observed that, for past several years, use of neonicotinoid has increased. The government has also allowed five derivatives to be registered. With proper farmer awareness programs and government events, use of neonicinoid will increase further which will decrease the harm to bees. References Alburaki, M., Boutin, S., Mercier, P.L., Loublier, Y., Chagnon, M. and Derome, N., 2015. Neonicotinoid-Coated Zea mays Seeds Indirectly Affect Honeybee Performance and Pathogen Susceptibility in Field Trials. Araneda, X., Cumian, M. and Morales, D., 2015. Distribution, epidemiological characteristics and control methods of the pathogen Nosemaceranae Fries in honey bees Apismellifera L.(Hymenoptera, Apidae).Archivos de MedicinaVeterinaria,47(2), pp.129-138. Badawy, M.E., Nasr, H.M. and Rabea, E.I., 2015. Toxicity and biochemical changes in the honey beeApismellifera exposed to four insecticides under laboratory conditions.Apidologie,46(2), pp.177-193. Barron, A.B., 2015. Death of the bee hive: understanding the failure of an insect society.Current Opinion in Insect Science,10, pp.45-50. Boily, M., Sarrasin, B., DeBlois, C., Aras, P. and Chagnon, M., 2013. Acetylcholinesterase in honey bees (Apismellifera) exposed to neonicotinoids, atrazine and glyphosate: laboratory and field experiments.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,20(8), pp.5603-5614. Catae, A.F., Roat, T.C., Oliveira, R.A., Ferreira Nocelli, R.C. and Malaspina, O., 2013. Cytotoxic effects of thiamethoxam in the midgut and malpighian tubules of Africanized Apismellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae).Microscopy research and technique,77(4), pp.274-281. Farooqui, T., 2013. A potential link among biogenic amines-based pesticides, learning and memory, and colony collapse disorder: A unique hypothesis.Neurochemistry international,62(1), pp.122-136 Garbuzov, M., Couvillon, M.J., Schrch, R. and Ratnieks, F.L., 2015. Honey bee dance decoding and pollen-load analysis show limited foraging on spring-flowering oilseed rape, a potential source of neonicotinoid contamination.Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment,203, pp.62-68. Goss, J., 2014. Neonicotinoids and honeybee health. Gross, M., 2013. EU ban puts spotlight on complex effects of neonicotinoids.Current Biology,23(11), pp.R462-R464. Kimura, K., Yoshiyama, M., Saito, K., Nirasawa, K. and Ishizaka, M., 2014. Examination of mass honey bee death at the entrance to hives in a paddy rice production district in Japan: the influence of insecticides sprayed on nearby rice fields.Journal of Apicultural Research,53(5), pp.599-606 Laurino, D., Manino, A., Patetta, A., Romano, A. and Porporato, M., 2012. Quantitation of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in experimentally poisoned honey bees.Julius-Khn-Archiv, (437), p.125. Oliveira, R.A., Roat, T.C., Carvalho, S.M. and Malaspina, O., 2014. Sideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ effects of thiamethoxam on the brain andmidgut of the africanized honeybee Apismellifera (Hymenopptera: Apidae).Environmental toxicology,29(10), pp.1122-1133. Purdy, J.R., 2015. Monitoring in-hive residues of neonicotinoids in relation to bee health status.Julius-Khn-Archiv, (450), p.276. Tokumoto, J., Danjo, M., Kobayashi, Y., Kinoshita, K., Omotehara, T., Tatsumi, A., Hashiguchi, M., Sekijima, T., Kamisoyama, H., Yokoyama, T. and Kitagawa, H., 2013. Effects of exposure to clothianidin on the reproductive system of male quails.Journal of Veterinary Medical Science,75(6), pp.755-760. Van der Sluijs, J.P., Simon-Delso, N., Goulson, D., Maxim, L., Bonmatin, J.M. and Belzunces, L.P., 2013. Neonicotinoids, bee disorders and the sustainability of pollinator services.Current opinion in environmental sustainability,5(3), pp.293-305. Wang, K., Qi, S., Mu, X., Chai, T., Yang, Y., Wang, D., Li, D., Che, W. and Wang, C., 2014. Evaluation of the Toxicity, AChE Activity and DNA Damage Caused by Imidacloprid on Earthworms, Eiseniafetida.Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology,95(4), pp.475-480. Klein, A., Vaissiere, B., Cane, J., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S., Kremen, C. and Tscharntke, T. (2007). Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops.Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274(1608), pp.303-313. foe.co.uk, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/neonicotinoids-bees-scientific-studies-increase-case-permanent-ban-78704.pdf [Accessed 6 Jan. 2016]. Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.wildlifebcn.org/sites/default/files/neonicotinoid_position_statement_final_october_2012.pdf [Accessed 6 Jan. 2016]. Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.wildlifebcn.org/sites/default/files/neonicotinoid_position_statement_final_october_2012.pdf [Accessed 6 Jan. 2016].

Research Proposal on Digital Divide Essay Example

Research Proposal on Digital Divide Essay Digital divide is the phenomenon which characterized with the disability of the certain social groups and individuals to receive access to the latest achievements in the sphere of IT and get the required amount of information. It is obvious that today information is the most valuable resource, so it is important to have the constant access to the sources of information, especially the digital ones: the Internet, television, telephone communication, radio, etc. It is quite understandable that digital divide in a natural process which is caused by numerous factors. First of all the divide depends on the economic condition of the state, the chosen individual. Logically, if the person has the unfavorable financial background, she has quite low chances to receive enough information about the world around and she can hardly possess a quality digital device which would assist her in her career, education, entertainment, etc. The modern norms of the information society are based on the constant progress and rapid development of digital technologies and the increase of the number of people who are involved in the active use in the information sphere. There is the idea that digital divide is a certain type of the break of the human rights, because if the person is limited in the access towards information, it influences the level of her education, the success at work, etc. There are thoughts about the artificial digital divide used for the imperative influence on the certain groups of people and the whole countries. For example, in the totalitarian states digital divide is a common thing which is based on the refusal of the government to permit their people receive the whole objective information about the world around. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Digital Divide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Digital Divide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Digital Divide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Digital divide is a serious and urgent problem nowadays which can be observed by the student in detail. Nearly every young person is interested in the brand new technologies and digital devices used for the transferring of information, so the research proposal can be quite quality and bring many fresh and alternative ideas to the professor. The student is able to present his own vision about the problem and think about the cause and effect of digital divide on the human society. One should present the adequate methods of the research and complete a convincing assignment which would be worth the professor’s attention. The student’s duty is to prepare a persuasive text which would meet the requirements of writing, so the student is able to use the web and read a free example research proposal on digital divide composed by an expert for the student’s advantage. The young professional has the chance to cope with the paper using a free sample research proposal on digital divide as a model for writing. NOTE!!! All free research proposal papers on Digital Divide are 100% plagiarized, we are here to help you! EssayLib.com is a leading research proposal writing service, which can offer you the solution you have been looking for. With thousands of written research papers and proposals for Master’s and PhD degrees, we can give you exactly what you need at very affordable prices. Our experienced writers will prove you that high quality and exclusivity is a trademark of our products. We can guarantee your confidentiality and promise you strict on time delivery. There are many reasons for EssayLib.com to become your favorite research proposal writing service, but all we are asking you – just give us a try!

St. Joan of Arc essays

St. Joan of Arc essays History is a great part of culture and a form used by people to define themselves. History can vary from its time period and setting or his hero or heroin. A great time period was the Medieval Europe Ages. Many in the past have contributed to the Medieval European history in various ways. European history consist of many contributors whose various achievements and stories are intriguing and interesting. Among these contributors Joan of Arc has enticed and captured many with her courageous life-consuming story. Joan of Arcs strong commitment and devotion to her country and faith lead her to become the most remembered heroin in Medieval European history. She is recognized as the patroness of France for her strong patriotism she showed in her battle against England. Joan of Arc is also honored as a saint because of the sacrifices she made for her belief in God and Christianity. Her determination also helped her to achieve her goal to unite all of France under one king, Charles VII, and defeating Frances enemies at the time, England. Joans leadership in the war against England led to many victories for the French. She succeeded in achieving all her goals. Joan of Arc was born to pious parents in the obscure village of Domeremy, near the province of Lorraine. She heard the voices of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. At first the voices she heard were personal and general. Soon afterwards she finally heard the crowning order given to her by the voices. The crowning order was a mission given to her to go to the king of France and help him reconquer his kingdom. At then time she received this message and request the English king was after the throne of France. The chief rival of France, Duke of Burgundy was forming an alliance with the English king and conquering more French territory. After she overcame an opposition from churchmen and courtiers, the 17-year-old girl was given a small army ...

Air Pollution in Malaysia

In the fourteenth and fifteenth century, British tax assessors used ownership or occupancy of property to estimate a taxpayer’s ability to pay. In time the tax came to be regarded as a tax on the property itself. In the United Kingdom the tax developed into a system of rates based on the annual (rental) value of property. The growth of the property tax in America was closely related to economic and political conditions on the frontier. In pre-commercial agricultural areas the property tax was a feasible source of local government revenue and equal taxation of wealth was consistent with the prevailing equalitarian ideology. When the Revolutionary War began, the colonies had well-developed tax systems that made a war against the world’s leading military power thinkable. The tax structure varied from colony to colony, but five kinds of taxes were widely used. Capitation (poll) taxes were levied at a fixed rate on all adult males and sometimes on slaves. Property taxes were usually specific taxes levied at fixed rates on enumerated items, but sometimes items were taxed according to value. Faculty taxes were levied on the faculty or earning capacity of persons following certain trades or having certain skills. Tariffs (imposts) were levied on goods imported or exported and excises were levied on consumption goods, especially liquor. -1- During the war colonial tax rates increased several fold and taxation became a matter of heated debate and some violence. Settlers far from markets complained that taxing land on a per-acre basis was unfair and demanded that property taxation be based on value. In the southern colonies light land taxes and heavy poll taxes favored wealthy landowners. In some cases, changes in the tax system caused the wealthy to complain. In New York wealthy leaders saw the excess profits tax, which had been levied on war profits, as a dangerous example of leveling tendencies. Owners of intangible property in New Jersey saw the tax on intangible property in a similar light. By the end of the war, it was obvious that the concept of equality so eloquently stated in the Declaration of Independence had far-reaching implications. Wealthy leaders and ordinary men pondered the meaning of equality and asked its implications for taxation. The leaders often saw little connection among independence, political equality, and the tax system, but many ordinary men saw an opportunity to demand changes. MALAYSIA TAXATION The property tax is a compulsory contribution to be paid by the taxpayer, where the taxpayer in return will receive benefits from the local authorities in the form of tangible and intangible services, community facilities, infrastructures and development projects for their enjoyment . In the context of property tax, enforcement of the tax is intended as a tool to drive the development of areas administered by local authorities. Property tax imposed on the taxpayer is given back by local authorities in the form of services in their respective administrative areas. The imposition of property tax is related to the role of local authorities in developing the area and providing the necessary services and facilities. According to Section 127 to section 163 of the Local Government Act 1976, local authorities are empowered to impose property tax on property owners to carry out the functions and roles of local authorities as an organization which has autonomy over the local populace. The local authorities should ensure that the management of tax collection can be implemented effectively in the development process and services provided appropriately . -2- Local authorities have important responsibilities in carrying out their functions and roles, especially in property tax management to ensure the welfare and amenity of residents can be realized. If the local authority is weak and incompetent in handling the management of the property tax it would certainly affect the results of tax collection which is to be used as financing development projects and services provided. In addition, the arrears in property taxes will increase due to poor management and will burden the local authorities. This will have an impact on the quality of work and services performed. The prevalent issue of lower tax revenue in local authorities throughout the country continues to pose a very serious predicament. Complete procedures which have been established in the provisions of the Act will guide local authorities in managing the property tax but the property tax collection performance is still under unsatisfactory level. For example, according to the Economic Report of the Ministry of Finance, revenue of the collection performance in local authorities throughout the country showed a worrying decline in the rate of decrease of 11. 7% recorded in 2007 and 0. 3% in 2008. The implications of the tax reduction has resulted in a deficit spending of RM75 million and RM1,179 million in 2007 and 2008 due to the higher prevailing costs. Collection of property tax revenue statistics generally show the majority of Malaysian local authorities collect property tax of less than 70% of the total taxable amount, while for the collection of property tax arrears show only within 30%-50%. As an example, local authorities in the state of Johor and Kuala Lumpur City Hall (Dewan Bandar Raya Kuala Lumpur, DBKL) showed that the amount of property tax arrears recorded amounted to about RM168 million and RM435 million in 2009 and this is certainly an issue of concern. This depicts the overall situation of property tax performance of local authorities in Malaysia which is in a poor condition and has not reach a satisfactory level, where the country’s agenda has set the target and vision to encompass about 70% of communities in Malaysia will be living in municipal areas in the year of 2020. -3- TYPES OF PROPERTY TAX IN MALAYSIA Tax on property was introduced in 1974 under the Land Speculation Tax Act. This was subsequently replaced with the Real Property Gains Tax Act in November 1975. Although in existence since the mid-70s, the Government pro-actively adjusted the rates of the RPGT through the years to cater to the property market conditions. It’s natural for most people to react to the reintroduction of RPGT, having enjoyed full exemption for a few years previously, however, compared to the original rates of RPGT which range up to 30%, the recent hike of up to 10% is actually quite mild. There are several types of property tax in Malaysia and they are as follows . A) Assessment tax B) Quit rent C) Capital gain tax D) Inheritance tax E) Others tax A) ASSESSMENT TAX : Assessment tax is a type of local tax which is only applicable on the residential property. Rate of assessment tax is based on the yearly rental amount of the property on rent. This tax is assessed by the local authorities. Rules and regulations of the assessment tax are as follows : Usually assessment tax has a flat value of 6%. This assessment tax is to be paid in two installments. The scope of taxation are for a resident individual is assessable on income derived from sources in Malaysia and income received in Malaysia from outside Malaysia. W. e. f. Y/A 2004 income remitted into Malaysia from overseas by a resident individual, a trust body, a cooperative and a Hindu Joint Family is exempted from income tax. Second, for non-resident individual is assessable only on income derived from sources in Malaysia. -4- Third, for a resident company is assessable on income derived from Malaysia and ncome remitted to Malaysia from sources outside Malaysia. Starting Year of Assessment 1995 onwards only income derived from Malaysia are taxable. Banking, insurance, shipping and air transport businesses are taxed on world income scope. The Imputation Systems is applicable. Fourth, for a non-resident company is liable to Malaysian tax when it carries on a business through a permanent establishment in Malaysia and is assessable on income derived only from sources within Malay sia. There have two types of resident status : ) First, the resident status of individuals : For tax purposes, the tax residence status is determined by the duration of stay in Malaysia, and is not bound by reference to the nationality or citizenship. If a person stays in Malaysia for at least 182 days (not necessarily consecutive) in a calendar year, he would be treated as a resident. However, there are other conditions where the individual can be treated as a resident even if he stays for less than 182 days. An individual is resident in Malaysia in the basis year of assessment if he: is in Malaysia for not less than 182 days in the relevant basis year, is in Malaysia for a period of less than 182 days in the basis year and that period is linked to another period where he is continuously in Malaysia for not less than 182 days immediately before or after the relevant basis year. Where temporary absence occur, the period of temporary absence can be taken to form part of such period, where he is in Malaysia, immediately prior to or after the temporary absence, -5- is in Malaysia for not less than 90 days (need not be consecutive) in the asis year and is resident or has been in Malaysia for 90 days or more in 3 out of the 4 preceding years of assessment; or has not been in Malaysia in the relevant basis year but he is deemed to be resident in Malaysia in the relevant basis year if he is resident in Malaysia in the following basis year and also in the each of the 3 basis year immediately preceding the relevant basis year . Example 1: Resident Status John arrived in Malaysia on 1. 4. 2003 and stayed on until 15. 11. 2003 (total 229 days). Hence, John is resident for the year of assessment 2003 since he stayed in Malaysia for more than 182 days in the year 2003. ) Second, the resident status of companies : A company is deemed to be resident if at any time during a basis year for a Year of Assessment, the management and control of its business is exercised in Mala ysia. -6- B) QUIT RENT : Quit rent is also a type of local tax. Quit rent tax in imposes on all types of landed properties. This tax is payable annually. The rate of quit tax is 0. 003 to 0. 006 US dollars per square foot. Liability of this quit rent tax is usually figures less than 31 US dollars . Stamp duty for the transfer of the real property of RM 250,000 value is now halved. This new benefit on stamp duties was allowed on the 2008 budget. Stamp duty tax is one of the important Malaysia property taxes applicable within the country. For comparison, the stamp duties within the year 2007 and 2008 are given bellow. PRICE STAMP RM 250,000 RM 150,000 RM 350,000 STAMP DUTY IN 2007 RM 4,500 RM 2,000 RM 6,000 STAMP DUTY IN 2008 RM 2,250 (-50%) RM 1,000 (-50%) RM 6,000 (UNCHANGED) C) CAPITAL GAIN TAX : Capital gains tax is not applicable any type of income. Capital Gains tax was abolished on first April 2007. This relaxation also includes Malaysia real estate capital gains tax on all types of properties. Previously Capital Gains Tax was called Real Property Gains Tax and was applicable on the foreigners only. These Capital Gains Taxes had a direct value of 30% on all the income gains due to disposal of the property during period of five years. In this way RPGT becomes 5% thereafter. The 2012 Budget unveiled on 7 October 2011 included a revision of the Real -7- Property Gains Tax (RPGT) rate from the 5% to 10% as part of the Government’s efforts to curb property speculation. The increase was recently gazetted and took effect from 1 January 2012 onwards. Jennifer Chang studies the impact of this move on property purchasers. The rate of 10% applies to gains on properties held and disposed within two years while gains on properties held and disposed between two and five years will be levied a 5% RPGT rate and disposals after five years continue to be exempted from RPGT. RPGT is a form of capital gains tax that is chargeable on gains arising from the disposal of real property, which is defined as: †¢ Any land situated in Malaysia and any interest, option or other right in or over such land; †¢ Shares in a real property company. Anyone disposing of real property in Malaysia whether a resident or non-resident will be charged RPGT on the gains. D) INHERITANCE TAX Inheritance Tax is not assigned in Malaysia. E) OTHER TAXES VAT tax is not charged in Malaysia. On the other hand, government sale tax is charged. The value of 5% GST is assigned on all the hotel and restaurant bills. GST is also charged on other professional bills including lawyer’s bills. -8- INCOME CHARGEABLE TO TAX : ? Gains or profits from a business for whatever period of time carried on. ? Gains or profits from an employment. ? Dividends, Interests or Discounts. Rents, Royalties or Premiums. ? Pensions, annuities or other periodical payments not falling under any of the foregoing paragraphs. ? Gains or profits not falling under any of the foregoing paragraphs. ? Special classes of income. TAX EXEMPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS 1. Leave passages within Malaysia not exceeding three times on a year and one leave passage outside Malaysia not excee ding RM3000 2. Medical and dental benefit. 3. Retirement gratuity The full amount of gratuity received by an employee on retirement from employment is exempt if: i. He retires due to ill health; ii. He is an employee in the public sector who has opted for optional retirement or on termination of a contract of employment; or iii. If he retires at the age of 55 or at the compulsory age of retirement under any written law provided that he has been in the service of the same employer or with companies in the same group, for at least 10 years -9- 4. Compensation For loss Of Employment Compensation payment received by an employee for the loss of employment is exempt from tax at a sum of RM6, 000 per completed year of service with the same employer or with companies in the same group. However, the compensation payment received by an employee will be fully exempted from tax if the loss of employment is due to ill health. The tax exemption of RM6,000 per completed year of service is not given in respect of the compensation received by a director (not being a service director) of a controlled company. 5. Pensions Pensions received by an individual are exempt under the following conditions: I. He retires at the age of 55 or at the compulsory age of retirement under any written law; or II. He retires due to ill health For an employee in the public sector who elects for optional retirement, his pension will be taxed until he attains the age of 55 or the compulsory age of retirement under any written law. Where an individual receives more than one pension, the exemption is restricted to the highest pension received by him 6. Death gratuities. 7. Scholarships. 8. Income of an individual resident in Malaysia in respect of his appearances in cultural performances approved by the Minister. 10 9. Interests An individual resident in Malaysia is exempt from tax in espect of the interest received from the following savings or investments:- i. Interest that accrues in respect of any savings deposited with Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN). ii. Interest or bonus which accrues in respect of money deposited with Bank Simpanan Nasional under the Save as You Earn scheme. iii. Interest which accrues on savings deposits of up to RM100, 000 with a registered cooperative society, Bank Pertan ian Malaysia, Malaysia Building Society Berhad, Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance Bhd, or with any other institution approved by the Minister of Finance. v. Bonus which accrues in respect of money deposits in any savings account with Lembaga Tabung Haji. v. Interest which accrues on savings deposits of up to RM100,000 with a bank or finance company licensed under the Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 (BAFIA 1989). vi. Interest which accrues in respect of any fixed deposits account (including negotiable certificates of deposits) of up to RM100,000 for a period not exceeding twelve months with Bank Pertanian Malaysia, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Bhg. Bank Simpanan Nasional, Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance Bhd. , Malaysia Building Society Bhd. , or a Bank of finance company licensed under BAFIA 1989. 11 vii. Interest which accrues in respect of any fixed deposit account (including negotiable certificates of deposits) for a period exceeding twelve months with Bank Pertanian Malaysia, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Bhd. , Bank Simpanan Nasional, Borneo Housing Mortgage Finance Bhd. , Malaysia Building Society Bhd. , or a bank or finance company licensed under BAFIA 1989. viii. Gains or profits which accrues on deposits of up to RM100,000 in respect of money deposited in any savings account under the interest-Free Banking Scheme (IFBS) with a bank or finance company licensed under BAFIA 1989 or the Islamic Banking Act 1983, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat and Bank Simpanan Nasional. ix. Gains or profits which accrues in respects of money deposited in any investment account of up to RM100,000 for a period not exceeding twelve months with a bank or finance company licensed under BAFIA 1989 or the Islamic Banking Act 1983, Bank Kerjasama Rakyat and Bank Simpanan Nasional. x. Gains or profits which accrue in respect of money deposited in any investment account for a period of twelve month of more under the interest Free Banking Scheme with a bank or finance company licensed under BAFIA 1989 or the Islamic Banking Act 1983. xi. Gains or profits which accrue in respect of money deposits in any investment account under the interest Free Banking Scheme of up to RM100,000for a period of twelve months or more with Bank Kerjasama Rakyat and Bank Simpanan Nasional. 12 xii. Interest from securities or bonds issued or guaranteed by the Malaysian Government. xiii. Interest from debenture (other than convertible loan stock) approved by the Securities Commission. xiv. Interest earned from Bon Simpanan Malaysia issued by the Bank Negara Malaysia. xv. Interest earned from the Merdeka Bonds issued by the Bank Negara Malaysia (effective year of assessment 2004). xvi. Interest earned from a unit trust which is derived from Malaysia and paid or credited by any bank or financial institution licensed under the Banking and Financial Institution Act 1989 (BAFIA 1989) or the Islamic Banking Act 1983. 10. Dividends The following dividends are exempt formed tax: I. Dividends received from exempt accounts of companies. II. Dividends received from cooperative societies. III. Dividends received from a unit trust approved by the Minister of Finance such as Amanah Saham Bumiputra. IV. Dividends received from a unit trust approved by the Minister of Finance where 90% or more of the investment is in government securities. 13 11. Royalties An individual resident in Malaysia is exempt from tax in respect of royalties are as follows: Types of Services/ Amount per annum art works payment for to be exempted (RM) i. Artistic work (other than original paintings) 6,000 ii. Recording discs or tapes 6,000 iii. Translation upon request by any agency a) of the Ministry of Education or Attomey b) General Chambers 12,000 iv. Literary work or original painting 20,000 v. Musical composition 20,000 vi. Cultural performances Approval by Minister However, the exemption does not apply to paragraph (iii), (v) and (vi), if the payment received forms part of his emoluments in the exercise of the individuals official duties. 12. Income Remitted from Outside Malaysia With effect from the year of assessment 2004, income derived from outside Malaysia and received in Malaysia by resident individual is exempted from tax. 3. Fees or Honorarium for Expert Services With effect from the year of assessment 2004, fees or honorarium received by an individual in respect of services provided for purposes of validation, moderation or accreditation of franchised education programs in higher educational institutions is exempted. The services provided by an individual concerned have to be verified and acknowledged by the Lembaga Akreditasi Negara (LAN). However, the exemption does not apply if the payment received forms part of his emoluments in the exercise of his official duties. 14 14. Income Derived from Research Findings With effect from the year of assessment 2004, income received by an individual from the commercialization of the scientific research finding is given tax exemption of 50% on the statutory income in the basis year for a year of assessment for 5 years from the date the payment is made. The individual scientist who received the said payment must be a citizen and a resident in Malaysia. The commercialized research findings must be verified by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. NOTIFICATION OF CHARGEABILITY TO TAX If an individual is taxable and has never received any income tax return form before, he has a duty to notify chargeability to the nearest LHDNM office and request for an Income Tax Return Form. If an individual already has an income tax file but has not receive an income tax return form by 31st March, he must immediately request for the said form from the LHDNM office which issued his last income tax return form. A taxpayer could also download an income tax return form from the LHDNM website http://www. hasil. rg. my. He must then complete and submit the return to the LHDNM office using the address where his income tax file is situated. In the case of a foreigner employed in this country he must give notice of chargeability to the nearest LHDNM office within 2 months of arrival in Malaysia. 15 FILING OF TAX RETURN The completed and signed Income Tax Return is substituted to LHDNM office before or by the required date, and the completed tax retu rn should be sent to the address of LHDNM office indicated on the said form. NON-RESIDENT CITIZEN RELIEF 1. Non-Resident Citizen Relief shall be allowed to an individual who is a citizen but not resident for the basis year for a year of assessment by reason of his employment (in the public services or the services of a statutory authority) which is exercised outside Malaysia 2. An individual who is claiming relief under this provision, should make his claim in the prescribed form and should furnish such further particulars as may be required by the LHDNM. TEMPORARY VISITORS PROFESSIONAL VISIT PASS All non-residents entering Malaysia using professional visit passes (excluding public entertainers) are categorized as temporary visitors. A sponsor for a temporary visitor is required to submit a letter of notification from the LHDNM to the Immigration Department when applying for a professional visit pass. The sponsor should make a written application to the LHDNM providing personal details of the temporary visitor and also submit a copy of the contract / offer letter or other relevant documents. The application for the letter of notification has to be made to: Director, Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia, Non-Resident Branch, Unit 11 (NR/IV),10th 11th Floor, Block 11, Government Office Complex, Jalan Duta, 50600 Kuala Lumpur . 16 IMPUTATION SYSTEM The income tax chargeable on a resident company is credited into a tax account which can be utilized to frank payment of dividends to shareholders. Income tax paid by a company is imputed to the shareholders by means of imputation credits attached to dividends. Where the franking of payment of dividends exceeds the tax credit available in the tax account, the deficit become s a debt due which is payable by the company upon requisition. The imputation system does not apply to a non-resident company and such companies are not subject to dividend franking. WHY MALAYSIA’S GOVERNMENT IMPOSE PROPERTY TAX ? MALAYSIA’ We take RPGT as one of property tax that government imposed in Malaysia . There are many reasons why RPGT is imposed . One of the more significant reasons why the government imposes this tax is to curb property speculation to avoid property bubbles forming . From time to time, the government may decide to increase or decrease RPGT to suit their agenda e. g. they could reduce RPGT to encourage investments (this actually happened between 1 April 2007 – 31 December 2009 where property transactions during this period were exempted from RPGT to spur investments) . The other obvious reason is that RPGT is a source of revenue for the government to develop the nation . WHO PAY THE PROPERTY TAX 1) Resident in Malaysia 2) Non-Resident who live in Malaysia and have assets 3) Companies that operating in Malaysia 17 TREND OF PROPERTY TAX IN MALAYSIA Diagram below shows the trends of the property tax in Malaysia from 1974 up to 2012 . Due to amendment that are made in the budget 2013, there are changes that are happening in the RPGT rate where there is an increase in the amounts of tax eing imposed . This changes that are made are due to the facts to reduce the factor of speculation that are making the price of land and houses to increase rapidly . 18 IMPACTS OF RPGT According to property consultant and analysts, the hike increase of Real Property Gains Tax (RPGT) in the budget 2013 will have very little impact . The increase of RPGT from 10% to 15% will barely give any impacts on the speculation even though the reason for the increase of tax are f or the purpose of solving speculation on houses . Reason as to why there barely any impact or little impact from the increase on RPGT tax rate are due to the facts that, the time taken for houses to be completed upon buying are 2 to 3 years and when the house are finish and ready to be live in or sold, its already 4 or 5 years and the rate of RPGT tax are already little as the periods of RPGT tax covers are only up to 6 years maximize . Taking that into consideration plus the fact that the price of houses are keep on rising, the impact that RPGT are very little . CONCLUSION The property tax in Malaysia can be consider as in the testing period as it just currently being reimposed . Which means that, the current rate of RPGT will change in the near future due to the rising trends of property in Malaysia especially in the housing sectors . The RPGT tax rate can be consider as a tool to reduce speculation of property in the short run,where as, in the long run the impacts that it will have is going to be very little . 19 REFERENCE 1. http://www. ipbre. com/countryProfile/Malaysia/Taxes/ 2. https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=vq=cache:Dj8b9BrRMAIJ:www. harteredaccountants. com. my/resources_assessment. pdf+hl=engl=mypid=blsrci d=ADGEESh8gp__2jEbPCrYONnp3AqFbAij_CBwdwbrQy0Re1bdAGCyoE oeKD7wS88c5AVLJLyDrzOuoYBPANEFQ3XpK5lBTfXQpXTfuDkNuwpD i_r2aMZxYDY0cBbZfKHS5o15HuPCjosig=AHIEtbRFB6TA8WHt5oQfy w1Y-pQs3k0smw 3. http://www. iproperty. com. my/news/5061/real-property-gains-tax-rpgt-the-propertyowner 4. http://savemoney. my/real-property-gains-tax-in-malaysia/ 5. www. iproperty. com. my/news/4258/real-property-gains-tax-gradual-impact 6. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/9/29/budget/12101379sec=budget 20 APPENDIX 21 22 23

Segmenting markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Segmenting markets - Essay Example Factor Analysis is a statistical tool that helps in understanding variables, or factors among the correlated and observed variables. It is mostly used to determine the variations in a larger number of groups by identifying the small number of factors within the large number of a particular group The first step is to select a method for factor analysis. There are two methods while conducting a factor analysis which are known as exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis is a technique for factor analysis which is often used for a larger set of variable. If the goal of a researcher is to identify the relationship with the measured variable then he should opt for the exploratory factor analysis. This method would help a researcher if no prior assumption or theory is made on the relation of the factors. However, in confirmatory factor analysis the variables are determined with the relation of prior assumptions or theory which aims to see if it meets the expectation as it was predicted. This method is selected when a social research is conducted. The simplification of a factor analysis is often interpreted by a method known as rotation which makes the output more understandable for the researcher. Rotation is the next step involved in factor analysis. The pattern of loadings in rotation works differently on each variable, the loading of each variable that has extracted factors are maximized while it minimizes the loading for other factors. There are five methods of rotation in which varimax, equamax and quartimax are orthogonal rotations whereas promax and direct oblimin are oblique rotations. The rotation of a particular variable mostly depends on a person if he thinks that the factors that are underlined should be related or not. If factors are considered to be independent then the author suggests that a person should use orthogonal rotation methods whereas if factors have chances to correlate then it is required to a dopt direct oblimin which is an oblique rotation (Gorsuch, 1983). Labeling a factor is the next step which is an art of segmentation in which a factor is named which best describes the particular factor. The most common and appropriate technique is to name the highly ranked or the top one or two factors on the list. It is labeled on the basis of its characteristics, for example factor one can be labeled as price conscious whereas factor two can be labeled as quality conscious (Rummel, 1970). In the final step, interpretation is been made to assess the validity of factors outlines previously. In this step, four types of validity methods are used namely, content validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity, and construct validity. Content validity intends to measure the intended or the desired area which is associated with the theme of the research. Construct validity intends to assess the factors which involve the testing of hypothesis to which the researcher was trying to meas ure. Concurrent validity is the method in which scores are correlated with some other variables and then it is justified. In predictive validity method, a test is used to determine or justifying the theoretical outcomes which were expected. These steps are used for the purpose of finding a correlation between variables (Gorsuch, 1983). 2. Cluster Analysis: Cluster analysis is a statistical technique which helps in assorting of ‘mountain’ of information into neat files by forming a cluster or a group in which variables are similar to one another. It helps in creating subgroups which becomes more manageable than previously dealing with the individual variable. Similar to factor analysis, it is used to determine the relationship of variables between other variables. The first step involved in cluster analysis is the assigning of similar variables to their respective

Insights at IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Insights at IT - Essay Example Moreover due to lack of interest of customers in the software products owing to their high prices, the software companies have started offering web-based services in which the software programs are not installed on the computer of the customers but services are offered to the customers on web. The customers have started to think that they are not getting the proper business value from the software programs because they think that they are spending more and the return is less. One of the reasons behind this thinking of the customers is the large maintenance costs that they have to pay when the subscription expires. The proof of this lack of interest on part of the customers is the discount offers by various software companies and the increase in the use of web-based software services. The article Six IT Decisions Your IT People Shouldn’t Make, I have observed that the most disastrous practice which is very common in the IT organizations these days is letting IT people prioritiz e the projects according to their business magnitude. No doubt IT people are best at their work and can actually carry out projects successfully but deciding about the projects that which project is the most beneficial for the company is not the job of IT people.

Descartes vs. Spinoza Essay Example for Free

Descartes vs. Spinoza Essay What I will do in this following paper is to discuss two very interesting philosophers, Rene Descartes and Benedictus de Spinoza. I will discuss each philosopher’s perspectives and insights on their most recognized theories and thoughts. I will then evaluate them and then give my opinion on the given topic. By doing this, I will contrast the similarities and differences between the two genius minds. By the end of the paper I will have discarded some ideas and opinions from each of the two and will have my own judgment that consists of thoughts from Spinoza, Descartes and my self put together. Themes On Descartes: Existence of God- Descartes’ View One of the most famous and debatable theories Descartes had was his proof of the existence of God. He had for steps on the ladder to prove this. 1) Everything including our ideas has a cause. 2) We have an idea of God. 3) Nothing less than God is adequate to be the cause of our idea of God. An lastly 4) Therefore God exists. My View Considering the fact that Descartes was a rationalist and a very religious man, you can see why he would desperately try to make sense of everything, including God. I believe his proof that he has laid out for us that God exists is false. What Descartes is trying to tell us is that our idea of God comes directly from God himself and that we cannot create something in our minds that we have not already witnessed by our senses. But I believe we can implant the idea of God in our minds without God planting it for us. Since man has been on this planet, we have been evolving. I believe our idea of God is a collection of thoughts and ideas that has evolved. Ideas such as security, peace, direction, order, separating good and evil, questions to our existence, comfort, space, answers to questions no one has. It is all these thoughts, ideas and more put together in our minds overtime that create this all mighty powerful being who knows all and is all that we call God. The U-Turn- Descartes’ View One of the aspects Descartes strived to find was â€Å"certainty†, searching for absolute foundation. He felt in order to come across certainty; we must first doubt everything we know. To help people comprehend his idea, he created the U-Turn as a visual reference to understand. As we go down the â€Å"U† we first doubt common sense, then we doubt awake/sleep since he believes we can’t distinguish the difference. We continue to go down the â€Å"U† by doubting mathematics because there could be an â€Å"Evil Genius† that tricks us into believing something untrue. At the bottom of this U we reach the point where nothing is certain except one thing according to Descartes, which is our existence. He says â€Å"I think, therefore I am†, which means the only thing we can be certain about is our own existence. He then stops and says if we exist, then there must be a God, and this is where the U takes its turn and moves upwards. He then says if God exists he would not deceive us because he is all loving and caring, therefore we have no reason to doubt mathematics, followed by ourselves (body/mind) and lastly we can then be certain about the physical world, no need to doubt it. My View I find this to be an interesting concept that Descartes has formulated in his mind, one that is most definitely worth thinking about and taking into consideration. But in my point of view, there is a break in his chain. From the moment he mentions we doubt being awake and asleep is where I think his U-Turn collapses. Descartes says we can not distinguish the difference between the two, but that’s only true to a certain point. As humans we have logic, common sense and we are aware of most of the knowledge we obtain. We know that we live a life every day and that we need rest every night; and we know that sleeping is a form of rest which sometimes includes bizarre, twisted, chaotic scenarios which we call dreams or nightmares. The argument he made on this segment of his U-Turn concept was only half true. He was right on the fact that we can not distinguish the difference when in a dream state but wrong on the idea that same goes for when we are awake. As human begins we may not be able to have any reasoning, logic or understand the fact that we are dreaming but when we are not dreaming we can logically know we are awake and be able to know the difference between awake/sleep which means we don’t have to doubt common sense or mathematics anymore. If this is the case then Descartes U-Turn theory is wrong and the idea that the only thing we can be â€Å"certain† about is our own existence is false. Themes On Spinoza: Conception of God- Spinoza’s’ View Spinoza went on a whole different direction when it came to God. Up to his point in time most people believed in a transcendent God, this meant that they believed in a personal God that was all loving, caring and would not deceive us human beings. People would prey to this personal God for various things like comfort and security, but Spinoza had his own belief. His conception was quite different from that of anyone else. His conception of God was non-personal (Non- Transcendent) and was the totality of everything that is immanent. He explained that our infinite Universe is one that has no outside and is also one big web where everything in it is connected. What he is basically trying to say is that God=Nature, God is the totality of everything that is. My View Spinoza’s conception of God is quite absurd. There may or may not be a God but if there is, it is definitely not the totality of everything that is. The meaning of God is a higher supreme being that would have a higher consciousness than humans. There is a difference between nature and God. I feel nature is more on the lines of what he is trying to say but uses the word â€Å"God†. God can not be everything that is because then that would mean we are part of the make up of God and that is absurd. How can everything in the universe that has no conception of God be a part of God? His thoughts and ideas on this subject don’t add up in the end and don’t seem like an acceptable solution to the questions revolving around â€Å"God†. Ethics: On Interconnected Self- Spinoza’s’ View Spinoza said that freedom of choice is an illusion and that everything that happens is part of a necessary order witch is completely rational. My View If freedom of choice is an illusion and everything is already set to happen before it occurs†¦then why are we making choices in the first place? I believe we do have freedom of choice and that we set our own destiny. Everything will be set but is not set yet. We must make choices and decisions to get to where we want to or do not want to. This can be compared to a video game, the programmer and the player. The programmer sets al these scenarios, levels, obstacles, directions and gives the gamer various choices to make. The player goes through these obstacles, and makes choices where many possibilities are presented to him/her. Ultimately the game will finish one way or the other with the choices that the player makes. All these various different possibilities were laid out (each which had its own outcome) but the player made the decision to get to where he/she is now. Overall Comparison: After taking in everything these two philosophers have presented and evaluating their ideas, I have come up with my own thoughts. I believe Descartes had a much more reasonable and acceptable point of view than Spinoza. Descartes thoughts and concepts were easier to understand and coupe with. I disagree a lot with both of the two but my mind has a greater understanding of Descartes perspective. Spinoza was so special in his own way because of his unique ideas but his concepts on God and ethics seemed to far fetch. Descartes seemed to be on a perfect track until he took a couple things too far like God, trying to prove his existence. If we are to gain knowledge through sense experience then technically we have no knowledge of God, jus a compound of thoughts and ideas to create such a being. Overall I like Descartes philosophical way of thinking more than any other philosopher and feel we can learn a lot from him including helping ourselves to think in a more abstract philosophical manner. Sources Of Information: 1) A History of Western Philosophy : Hobbes to Hume (Second Edition) 2) individual. utoronto. ca/mtlin/god. pdf 3) www. utm. edu/research/iep/s/spinoza. htm 4) http://serendip. brynmawr. edu/Mind/17th. html 5) www. trincoll. edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/descartes. html 6) www. connect. net/ron/descartes. html.

On the Grand Finale in Samuel Clemenss :: essays papers

On the Grand Finale in Samuel Clemenss Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain) not only tells a story in this famous contribution to American literature, he also goes to great length to depict civilized humanity in a light that is anything but glamorous or glorious. In fact, his descriptions of typical representatives of society regarding their motivations, actions, habits, and morals are conveyed with subtlety but with unmistakable critical intentions. The metatextual aspects of this work appear gradually but intensify toward the end until the novel reaches a point where it begins to border on the absurd, a literary aspect explored more fully by later writers, such as playwright Samuel Beckett. Distinct elements of absurdity materialize when Huck Finn searches for Jim, his fellow traveler on the raft, who had been sold as a runaway slave by a con-artist. In the course of this search, Huck stumbles upon the farm of Aunt Sally and Uncle Silas who mistake him for Tom Sawyer. Huck goes along with this mistake, creating a situation that gets compounded when the real Tom Sawyer shows up. The latter, however, volunteers to go along with the ruse by posing first as a stranger and then as his own brother Sid. The novel depicts Huck Finn as a character who learned to stand on his own two feet at an early age and is used to surviving by his wits. He lacks formal education, and it is clear that he likes to view himself as un-"sivilized," but he is smart enough to wiggle himself out of almost any difficulty. His intelligence manifests itself in an uncanny ability to recognize human motivations and shortcomings and to act accordingly. However, he does not exploit people and generally refuses to compromise his own moral code which is fairly strict and amazingly conventional. Tom Sawyer, by comparison, is a well-read boy who clearly represents Clemens's view of the "learned" factions and aspects of society. The picture that emerges when Huck and Tom start to collaborate is one of almost perpetual conflict of the two in their mutual quest of a common objective: the liberation of Jim. Clemens turns this conflict into a tit-for-tat comparison of an "honor" student from the school of hard knocks in the so-called "real world" and his counterpart from the school of human civilization who functions mostly by using knowledge acquired from books.

Large industrial facility Essay

1. Describe how the use of a tall smoke stack might improve air quality near a large industrial facility. Tall smoke stacks built 500 ft or taller can improve air quality for a large industrial facility, by â€Å"releasing air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides high into the atmosphere to help limit the impact† to the near by areas (Air, 2011, p. 2). The use of tall smoke stack is also believed to contribute to a wider spread of air pollutants. 2. How can topography contribute to pollution in a city or region? Topography and weather are big contributors to a city pollutions. Most cities are built in a valley and not on top of a mountain, which makes it hard for the air to circulate. This traps the pollution into an area resulting in a poor air quality. (Factors, n.d.) 3. From where do hurricanes derive their energy? What factors tend to weaken hurricanes? Would you expect a hurricane to weaken more quickly if it moved over land or over cooler water? â€Å"Hurricanes derive their energy from the warm, tropical oceans and by evaporating water from the ocean’s surface. Heat energy is converted to wind energy when the water vapor condenses and latent heat is released inside deep convective clouds† (Ahrens, 2014, p. 341). Hurricanes can weaken more quickly if it moves over cooler water, because they get their energy from warm tropical oceans. 4. Where is the Bermuda high located during the summer and fall? How might the path of a hurricane, moving toward the west from Africa, be affected by the Bermuda High as the hurricane approaches the United States? During the summer and fall the Bermuda high forms over the Atlantic Ocean. Hurricanes moving toward the west from Africa may increase its intensity as it approaches the United States. The Bermuda High â€Å"not only heats up summer-time temperatures in the East, but the Bermuda High can affect the  intensity of tropical storms and hurricanes† (Bermuda, 2013). 5. How do you think pollutants are removed from the atmosphere? Does this occur quickly or slowly? Pollutants in the atmosphere can be removed by trees and plants. The trees and plants absorb CO2 and other pollutants, then produce oxygen for the atmosphere. The removing of pollutants in the air is a slow progress and some pollutants never go away. Ahrens, C. D. (2014). Essentials of Meteorology: An Invitation to the Atmosphere, 7th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781305439733/id/ch11-L3-5 Air quality. (2011). GAO. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11473.pdf Bermuda high is cause of most east coast summer heat. (2013) Weather Bug. Retrieved from http://weather.weatherbug.com/weather-news/weather-reports.html?story=8263 Factors affecting air quality. (n.d.) BC Air Quality. Retrieved from http://www.bcairquality.ca/101/air-quality-factors.html

European Settlers Essay

European settlers went through many changes after the discovery of New America because of Christopher Columbus voyage. The Europeans accidentally found the American land which was originally owned by Native American tribes. The Native American culture was very liberal and had very different lifestyles when it came to beliefs in religion, owning land, medicines, hunting farming and family. The Native Americans did not see people as enemies and believed that many people could be invited to join their tribes. The Natives taught the Europeans of their survival skills which included farming, hunting and tools. The Europeans later took advantage of the Native Americans benefits and weaknesses. The Europeans discovered that the Indians had lots of unclaimed land and saw their governing rules as weak. Europeans settlers disagreed with Native American religion, celebration, music, medicines and saw the male as weak. The reason the male Indians were looked at as weak was because they would constantly hunt and the woman would stay and handle all the labor at the tribes. In result, the European people began learning more of the culture and disagreeing with the lifestyles leaning more toward a governed political aspect. Europeans did benefit in many ways of the discovery of the â€Å"New America† since they came up with the idea of taking over the so called unclaimed lands, controlling the Indians and turning this into their very own. Soon the European settlers were all migrating to America in seek of farming and land ownership. Since the Europeans learned of all the work that needed to be done they then turned to slavery of people from Africa. The Europeans did not want to have to work constantly and put in infinite hours to the hard labor so this is why slavery became a great way for them to complete their projects. The European settler’s mindset was focused on riches and power. They did not care of the African slaves and their emotions. The Africans were looked at as showing less value than an animal and were a huge impact during the American migration era. The Europeans invested a lot in farming, human sale, and human trade. Their African slaves were to maintain rice, tobacco, sugar cane and cotton. The Africans did not have any rights and were contracted to work with belief in owning possible land and freedom. Unfortunately, this was a way to keep their slaves working with hopes of something in return which was a false hope. The slaves were treated very bad and had no rights. The men were not allowed to get married and were worked constantly. Not only were the men and woman slaves treated badly they had no authority to be educated. It was seen in Europeans eyes that slaves were not allowed to read and write.

Free Essays on Political Systems In The Islamic World

Political Systems in the Islamic World Islam, meaning â€Å"submission,† is a religion emerging from God’s revelation to the final, and most influential prophet, Muhammad. Those who follow Islam are Muslims: those who are submissive to God’s will. Islam is a spiritual idea, as well as a religion. From its earliest roots, its spiritual aspect has been combined with politics. Muhammad helped to bring together people through religious faith and the social and political systems of the time. Under Muhammad, leadership was both a political and religious responsibility. However, a problem with Muhammad’s position shortly followed his death in 632, which has caused two major political problems and has split Muslims into two distinct parts. Two main questions were considered after Muhammad’s death.  · Who will be the successor of Muhammad?  · Will there be a political civil war to settle this dispute? First, the successors of Muhammad were called Caliphs. Caliph is the English form of the Arabic word, â€Å"Khalifa,† meaning â€Å"successor to the messenger of God.† Caliphs are the heads of the Muslim community, who hold a responsibility to continue in the path of the prophet, and to spread the word of God. Muslims were to obey the Caliphs under all circumstances as long as the obeyed the law of God. Secondly, many arguments came about over who should be the successor of Muhammad. Due to the sensitivity of the issue of who next becomes Caliph, Islam then, broke out into two sects: Sunnis and Shiites. Sunnis are those who favor a leader who will imitate the examples of Muhammad. They believe that the next caliphs should be those who best fulfill the position. In contrast, Shiites believe in a direct blood relation to Muhammad. They believe that Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad should have been the next caliph. However, Sunnis favored that leadership of the best candidate for caliph. The Caliphate Period be... Free Essays on Political Systems In The Islamic World Free Essays on Political Systems In The Islamic World Political Systems in the Islamic World Islam, meaning â€Å"submission,† is a religion emerging from God’s revelation to the final, and most influential prophet, Muhammad. Those who follow Islam are Muslims: those who are submissive to God’s will. Islam is a spiritual idea, as well as a religion. From its earliest roots, its spiritual aspect has been combined with politics. Muhammad helped to bring together people through religious faith and the social and political systems of the time. Under Muhammad, leadership was both a political and religious responsibility. However, a problem with Muhammad’s position shortly followed his death in 632, which has caused two major political problems and has split Muslims into two distinct parts. Two main questions were considered after Muhammad’s death.  · Who will be the successor of Muhammad?  · Will there be a political civil war to settle this dispute? First, the successors of Muhammad were called Caliphs. Caliph is the English form of the Arabic word, â€Å"Khalifa,† meaning â€Å"successor to the messenger of God.† Caliphs are the heads of the Muslim community, who hold a responsibility to continue in the path of the prophet, and to spread the word of God. Muslims were to obey the Caliphs under all circumstances as long as the obeyed the law of God. Secondly, many arguments came about over who should be the successor of Muhammad. Due to the sensitivity of the issue of who next becomes Caliph, Islam then, broke out into two sects: Sunnis and Shiites. Sunnis are those who favor a leader who will imitate the examples of Muhammad. They believe that the next caliphs should be those who best fulfill the position. In contrast, Shiites believe in a direct blood relation to Muhammad. They believe that Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad should have been the next caliph. However, Sunnis favored that leadership of the best candidate for caliph. The Caliphate Period be...

Evolutionary Theory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evolutionary Theory - Case Study Example Numerous species have not been named and as such lumping of organisms together as belonging to the genus and species classes may be incorrect as the case in the repopulation program in the Islands of St. Kitts and the neighboring Island of Nevis. These two species of rodents appear to be identical in morphological features and that is the reason why they were taken to be of the same species. However, their morphological similarities have nothing to do their genetic makeups since the DNA (Deoxy-Ribonucleic acid) are quite distinct from each other. The differences in DNA can be explained through concepts of evolutionary theories of natural selection of stabilizing selection and diversifying selection    This is a type of natural selection that experiences genetic diversity decrease in a population that that is stabilizing. It has been argued that this is the most common way through which natural selection takes place. As such, the stabilization process employs negative selection which results in organisms with intermediate phenotypes being selected. In the case of the two islands, it is quite clear that the rodents from the St. Kitts Island underwent a stabilizing selection because their traits seem to be normal or not very much different from those of the rodents from the other island of Nevis. Probably, the two islands were connected and after a natural disaster like an earthquake, they became separated. It follows that those rodents that had intermediate phenotypes were selected over those that had extreme phenotypes hence the development of the new distinct species. Diversifying selection is used to refer to the exact opposite of stabilizing selection whereby the extreme phenotypes in organisms are naturally selected over the intermediate phenotypes. This can be explained by the studies done by Charles Darwin in the Galapagos Island with regards to the finch populations.

Critical issues in criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Critical issues in criminal justice - Essay Example The police-dogs are considered as complete or full-fledged police officer. Assaulting them is therefore punishable by the federal laws. Initially protected by the state laws, the police dogs are now protected by federal laws with individuals found guilty of assaulting the law enforcing animals standing the risk of serving ten years in prison or paying a fine of at least $1 000. This paper will address the topic by discussing the various legal and social issues surrounding the use of the canines in law enforcement. It is important to note that the police dogs being relied on to establish links in various crimes such as searching of cadavers, explosives, drugs etc., need to be protected by the law due to the sensitivity of the areas they are involved. For instance, in a case where a police dog injures a civilian in the course of duty, the police department from which it serves are held liable. In the same way, if an individual is found to have assaulted the police dog popularly known as K-9 a homophone of canine in the United States, they are made to stand trial and risk a possible conviction for the felony. This paper will therefore look at the federal laws and how different states protect and set laws in line with the use of the canines in law enforcement. A police dog just like any other personnel in the law enforcement sector has various responsibilities and rights that define the scope of their work. However, in the use of police dogs, there is no set or standardized set of laws that define how the dogs should be used. For instance, in trying to hunt down a suspect and presentation in court to assist in investigations or stand trial, the use of police dogs and the force applied may only be justified by the immediate behavior of the suspect such as resistance to arrest or the severity of the crime. The use of canine force is not always justified. In some cases, the police can

Principles of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Law - Essay Example Doctrine of Judicial Precedence This doctrine is based on the principle of stare decisis which simply means to â€Å"stand by what has been decided and do not unsettle the established† (Dernbach and Richard 1981, p.35). The decision is based on two principles, ratio decidendi and obiter dictum, which means the reason for the judgment and other things, said pertaining to the case respectively. It is important to note that, though the obiter might not be part of the judgment, but it can be used in future judgments because of its persuasive nature (Knoops 2005, p.2). Original precedence present themselves in the nature that the present case is coming to the court for the first time and the presiding judge does not have the opportunity or chance to look at past decisions to make a decision on a point of law (Rossini 1998, p.34). This is what is known, as reasoning by analogy and the decision made in the case at hand will be binding at future cases. For example in the case of DPP v Smith (2006), where the defendant had gone to visit her former girlfriend and held her down cutting out her valued hair, the learned magistrate held that it was not actual bodily harm resulting out of assault. On appeal, it was held that even if the issue of the hair was to be determined scientifically or medically, the hair above the scalp was still regarded as hair regardless of its nature. The judges therefore decided that this was actual bodily harm and therefore the case provided precedence for future cases. Binding precedence on the other hand or those whereby a case has been made and future judges or the present judge must abide by it regardless of his or her own opinion. This therefore means that courts in the lower ranks must follow the particular decision regardless of any new issue arising and the cases presented must be similar to the previous decision or must have facts that are almost similar to the case at hand. The judicial system in England and Wales are such that courts are bound and they must follow the cases and decisions made in the upper or superior courts as the decisions in these cases provide precedents that must be followed in future cases with similar circumstances. These cases must therefore be followed or applied by courts down the hierarchy. It is important to note that magistrates or subordinate courts do not set precedent but they must follow the cases set by the superior courts, in this case the House of Lords or the appellate courts (Antoine 2008, p.118). Persuasive precedents are those in which the court decides whether to follow the precedence set or not to follow it. This precedence is not binding to the court and the court can follow them or ignore them depending on the legal principle in the case (Mitchelle and Minel 2003, p.73). These precedents can come from the lower courts or the magistrate courts and only the legal principles present in them can be applied in the upper courts. In R v R 1991, the Court of Appeal prov ided a persuasive precedence for an upper court, the House of Lords holding that a man can be found guilty of rape as against his wife. The Privy Councils in England and Wales are also influential providers of persuasive precedence to the courts of law though the decisions are not as binding as decisions made in a court of law. For example in R v Mohammed 2005,

The Plan of Marching of the Poor of Martin Luther King Junior Coursework

The Plan of Marching of the Poor of Martin Luther King Junior - Coursework Example 1968 was a year with both good and bad occurrences.   Good because it was the year when Martin Luther King Junior had led the plan of marching of the poor. Luther had intended to mobilize the poor in America to move to Washington on a campaign he dabbed Poor People’s Campaign. At the beginning of 1968, King had been able to travel widely so that he could get more and more support from the poor in America.   In his quest, King intended to bring broad and mixed racial together for a common course, a move that worked in uniting Americans for a common purpose at a time when racism was at its height in United States of America. King was advancing his argument to the wider American poor community with reference to how America had treated the majority poor badly without exposing them to resources to make them productive in the society. King had addressed matters that he believed were ailing America as at that time. He pointed racism, poverty and war as the main problems of America. Specifically, he had condemned the involvement of America with the Vietnam war and described the war as the most unjust war that America had involved itself with. The year was bad because in the same period when King was planning for the march, he was murdered. This made it had for the march to continue successfully. Led by Ralph Abernathy, the march went ahead but it was described as a failure. The march had been marred with rain. The media had given it a wide berth and the congress ignored the event.

The Public Transport In London Sociology Essay

The Public Transport In London Sociology Essay London is the capital of England and is one of the largest cities of the world as well of the United Kingdom. The city has a huge population of 8,174,100, making it the  most populous municipality in the European Union. All these people have to move in order to lead their life and a huge number of the population take the private transport for travelling. Although there are many people who travel on their private vehicles, an appreciable number of people take the public transport. London being one of the most modern cities of the world also offers many options to its citizens for travelling. There are  underground train services,  London Buses,  Tram link, the  Docklands Light Railway,  over ground, air transports and other options. A report suggests that annually in London, there are a staggering 2 billion of bus journeys, 1 billion of underground journeys and 800 million journeys on National Rail networks. Body All the people of London travel in the public transports throughout the day. People travel, go to their work, students go to schools by these public transports. A survey was made on the public transport in London by taking opinions from the people of London. The survey was done with people of different ages. The people were asked different questions and their answers were studied. The question asked comprised of two types. One category had one word answers and the other had elaborate options. However, all the questions were multiple choice questions. We gathered a clear idea about the public transport in London from the survey. The first ten questions were one word answers. The survey takers just ticked on any one of the option between yes and no. We found different opinions from different people. Peoples responses also differed with their ages and economic capacities. The first ten questions are given in the table below, along with their answers. The answers are given in percentage after making a calculation from the responses and opinions of the people. Serial Question Answer in Percentage 01 Do you travel in Public transport? 60% 02 Do you have a private transport? 50% 03 Are you a regular traveller? 50% 04 Do you have any income? 70% 05 Do you go to work by public transport? 90% 06 Is Public Transports of London comfortable? 60% 07 Is it cheaper than private transports? 100% 08 Do you find the Public Transports crowd? 80% 09 Do other members of your family travel in public transports? 60% 10 Are you happy with the Public Transports of London? 70% Table No. 01 The outcome of the survey helps to draw a picture of the Public transport of London. The study shows that more than half of the people of London avail public transport. Here we see the figure stands 60%. In addition to that it is seen that a good number of people do not have a private vehicle. Now, the next question asked to the survey takers was if they were regular travellers. 50% of them agreed that they were regular passengers. It meant that they were regular customers and that they depended of public transport. People travel and make journeys for various purposes. The study shows that most of the people went to work in public transport. So, public transport is a very essential medium for going to the work place. It is at the same time a very prominent option for the employees. However, one thing cannot be denied at all. During rush hours and even at some other time of the day, there are huge crowd in these transports. This problem does not happen at all time but mostly during rush hours. The problem is not because there is less number of vehicles but that there are more people at the same time. The scenery is common while people start for office and then again when they return. For this reason 80% of the people said that public transports were filled with crowd. The survey went to details about the topic and about the feeling of the people. The questions were done for the other family members of the people. The individuals were asked if other members of their families used public transports as a mean of travelling. A good number of 60% of the people informed that other members of their family also travelled on these transports. This means that the families that use public transport use the maximum use of it. The last question that was asked to the survey takers was their feeling about the transport systems. It was asked if they were happy with the public transport of London. A total of 70 percent of the people said they were happy with the situation. This conveys a very positive feeling about the Public Transport of London. It also depicts that the communication system of the city is very good, developed and advanced. At the same time it is also very public friendly. The second phase of the survey was the open questions. After getting a picture of the public transport of London the purpose was to go deeper. A total of 5 open questions were asked to get a more elaborate picture. The questions were asked to know about the different types of public transports that the people used. The first of the open question was about the age of the people. The people were asked to disclose their age so that it could be calculated that which age of people took he public transport more. The chart below shows the age wise transporters. Chart No. 01 The chart clearly shows that the most of the people taking public transports are from the age of 15-30. The next group of people who take this transport are the people of aging between 30 and 45 years. Almost no people aging below 15 take the public transport and there are a few people aging 45 to 60 years old take the transports. People aging above 60 do use public transport but they are very few. It means the children are not independent, they depend on their parents. So, they normally do not travel on public transports. The do not usually travel much. If they even do, they are accompanied by their parents. The old people do less travelling, so their percent is also low. The people, who are young aging between 15 to 45 years, are the ones who take the public transport most. It is because they go to work, attain classes, and do all other travelling by the public transports. The next question that was asked to the people was their occupation. It was really needed to know which class or group of people used the public transport most. The chart below reflects the travelling of different people. Chart No. 02 The chart clearly shows which category of the people takes the public transport most. It shows that the working people use the maximum utilization. Next are the students and then are the people looking for work. People go to their work places with the public transports. The students also take this for going to their educational institutions. People who are looking for work are also taking the help of the public transport. The later questions elaborate why these people use this means. The third question that was asked to the people was that which public transports they found more comfortable. London is a city of many dwellers and there are also many options of public transports. The city firstly like all others have public buses. The city has a long and connected underground rail line. It is one of the oldest in the world but much advanced. The railway changed and advanced to the highest extends with the introduction of all the modern technologies. Normal trains are also available added with trumps. The chart below shows the percentage of the different public transports taken by the people. Chart No. 03 The chart clearly shows that most of the people of London take the underground. That means the underground rail transport holds the maximum passengers. It alone carries about 50 percent of the public. The next are the buses and then the trump. The airways is least taken by the people. Air is not so popular because it is expensive. The next question was asked which public transport was lower in cost. The options were the same. The chart below shows the result. Chart No. 04 The data shows that the underground train is the cheapest. That is one of the reasons why people take this transport. The percentage is 70 percent. The figure next to it is the bus which is about 25 percent. The last question that was asked to the people was that which transport saved more time. The chart shows the situation below. Chart No. 05 The answer to the question that which transport saves time is different from all the others. Although very few of the people took the air lines, most of them agreed that airn transport saved the time most. The percent was 70%. The reason again why it was not 100% is because of the distance. Shorter distance could easily be travelled by train and then by buses. Conclusion All the data and the discussions above show a clear picture of the transport system of London. It shows that most of the people of London do take the Public Transport. The study finds that the underground railway dominates among the public transports. London has a very well organized public transport and it is also very advanced in technology. The people living in London are also comfortable with their Public Transport.